This colors his observations because the formation of southeast asian nations was, in large part, independent of racial or ethnic homogeneousness. His interpretation of nationalism is affected by the Thai history of nationalism and his experiences as a dissenter. It fails to take into account either the role of war and the military in fostering both cultural homogenisation and nationalism or the relationship between, This page was last edited on 21 November 2020, at 14:04. London: Pluto, 2010. To Gellner, homogenization of culture is a societal necessity, not a calculated power grab. [5], For Gellner, nationalism was a sociological condition[5] and a likely but not guaranteed (he noted exceptions in multilingual states like Switzerland, Belgium and Canada[2]) result of modernisation, the transition from agrarian to industrial society. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. To Gellner, nationalism comes from the fabrication of recognition, not any shared pre-existing characteristics.This is in direct conflict with the pre-constructivist idea that nations already existed before their more tangible manifestation. In political context, Hobsbawm formulated his theories directly before and during the Cold War and was a part of the liberal and constructivist wave of thought regarding nations. 1/1 . About The Journal | Submissions Regionally specific theories of nationalism, both from modernist and modernization approaches, may play a key part in building an integrated theory by serving as an intermediary between universalist theorising and case studies. N.p., n.d. Mgab. Primordial and Modernist Theories of Nationalism Instructor Date Primordial and Modernist Theories of Nationalism The development of society has always been an interesting topic of discussion with different outlooks to how individuals have developed a form of unification that … Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460, Finkel, Matt. This paper begins by defining fascism. In the 116th United States Congress, women hold 23.2% of House seats and 25% of Senate seats. Such critiques created new theories of nationalism such as sociobiological and cultural primordialism, neo-perennialism, the post-modernist understanding of nationalism and ethno-symbolism. Home | Current Issue | Blog | Archives | Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism' Philip S. Gorski University of Wisconsin, Madison Most theorists of nationalism are modernists: they regard national-ism as an essentially modern phenomenon. Learn more | Blog | Submit. Gellner defined nationalism as "primarily a political principle which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent"[3] and as, the general imposition of a high culture on society, where previously low cultures had taken up the lives of the majority, and in some cases the totality, of the population. Web. Political polarization in the United States has been one of the main issues at the forefront of American politics. An Examination of Nationalism, Gender, and Membership in the Nation, Realism and Arab Nationalism: An Uneasy Partnership, Pragmatic Nationalism and Confucianism: The New Ideology of the CCP, Fascism: A Political Ideology of the Past, Has the U.S. Constitution Reached its Expiration Date? His opinion is influenced by his chosen specialty and case study as well as by the existing constructivist sentiments at the time. On the other, nationalism and power politics are inherently intertwined... Confucianism was one of the dominant political philosophies of Imperial China. It is the establishment of an anonymous impersonal society, with mutually sustainable atomised individuals, held together above all by a shared culture of this kind, in place of the previous complex structure of local groups, sustained by folk cultures reproduced locally and idiosyncratically by the micro-groups themselves. It accounts poorly for national movements of, It fails to account for either nationalism in non-industrial society and resurgences of nationalism in. Hobsbawm worked under the cloud of “a lesser McCarthyism” existing in the United Kingdom during the Cold War and his Marxist theories were considered radical enough to preclude him from receiving offers of university positions.14. All rights reserved. Nationalism, a term which has been defined in various ways and still continues to nurture the debate around it, is one of the strongest forces in the world as we know it today. N.p., n.d. The most common form of theories on nations and nationalism are based around modernity. [1] In particular, he focused on the unifying and culturally homogenising roles of the educational systems, national labour markets and improved communication and mobility in the context of urbanisation. N.p., n.d. Theories, such as the Modernist theory of nationalism, should only be consulted after the evidence is examined and evidence should never be molded to fit a modern idea. This comparison will result in establishing the main points of each theory in the form of testable hypotheses. Gellner introduced a new type of constructivist theory by upholding the inherently artificial nature of the nation and the creation of the nation by recognition and not existing commonality, while still asserting the legitimacy and even necessity of the nation in the modern industrial world. [1] He thus argued that nationalism was highly compatible with industrialisation and served the purpose of replacing the ideological void left by both the disappearance of the prior agrarian society culture and the political and economical system of feudalism, which it legitimised. 14 May 2015. Primordialism assumes that group identity is a given. These nations and imagined communities are sovereign because the concept was born when Enlightenment destroyed thoughts of divinely-ordained legitimacy and hierarchy.2 These nations are defined as a community because the nation is conceived as a deep fraternity between people and the nation is based on this fraternity, not the shared characteristics that may have created this fraternity in the first place. He states that, “Nations as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent ... political destiny, are a myth; nationalism, which sometimes takes preexisting cultures and turns them into nations, sometimes invents them, and often obliterates pre-existing cultures: that is a reality.” 12. The nation is not natural or pre-existing, but it is necessary for uniting state with culture. March 2000; American Journal of Sociology 105(5):1428-1468; DOI: 10.1086/210435. Web. Industry and print language played an important role, which would make it easy for Anderson to fall into the trap of his own paradox of national definition, the existence of formal universality among all nations versus the uniqueness of each nation’s manifestation. Disclaimer: content on this website is for informational purposes only. The emergence of social media platforms into American life has remarkably altered the political communication landscape. [12], "On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism", "Gellner's Theory of Nationalism: A Critical Assessment", "The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism", "Nations and Nationalism: Questioning Ernest Gellner's Theory", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gellner%27s_theory_of_nationalism&oldid=989868359, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Central monitoring of polity, with extensive bureaucratic control, National identification as abstract community, Cultural similarity as a basis for political legitimacy, Anonymity, single-stranded social relationships. Ernest Gellner put forth the idea that the nation is only a socially conceived “construct,” an artificially created entity with the possibility of continued existence contingent upon the continuation of the perpetuation of the concept by the nation’s elites.4 He believes that nations and nationalism are not somehow revealed by historical events, but rather that they are fabricated concepts. He claims that nationalism came into its own in the nineteenth century at the same time that liberal political economic theories of Adam Smith and others were conceptualizing individuals, firms and markets as the fundamental components of economic growth, not nations or states (1992). Thongchai Winichakul, Ind. The conception of the nation is inherently limited and, in many ways, defined by this limit because all nations, even ones with large populations, still have finite demarcations beyond which other nations can be found. [5] He saw the history of humanity culminating in the discovery of modernity, nationalism being a key functional element. He wrote that “any sufficiently large body of people whose members regard themselves as members of a 'nation', will be treated as such.” 11 This is a deeply constructivist view of nationalism and puts forth the idea that pre-existing and homogenous characteristics of a people group in no way define a nation; rather, it is the recognition of a bond, a fabrication and an artificed entity, that legitimizes the nation. As a student, Thongchai was imprisoned by Thai nationalist forces in a paramilitary assault on a student protest.10 His conception of the nation as a result is actually more anti-primordialist than traditional constructivism as it has the added element of an artificed an unreal territory and geography. [5] Modernity, by changes in political and economic system, is tied to the popularization of education, which, in turn, is tied to the unification of language. Thongchai Winichakul subscribes to the constructivist philosophy of the nation set forth by Anderson and Gellner, that there is nothing inherent or pre-existing about the nation. Theories of Nationalism A Critical Introduction. By Matt Finkel 2016, Vol. Confucianism’s influence declined throughout the 19th century coinciding with the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. Among the few universalist theories of nationalism one should mention the primordialist and the sociobiological perspectives. N.p., n.d. It misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialisation. On one hand, realism and nationalism are viewed as contradictory forces, standing against one another as reason to emotion, reality to identity. Frequently considered to be the dominant theory employed by modern historians in regards to the study of nationalism, the modernist theory dictates that nations require the paradigms of modern society in order to exist (Smith, 1998). It fails to account for nationalism in 16th-century Europe. modernist theories had statistically significant results, which do not always support the corresponding hypotheses. The constructivist school of thought is in no way a uniform reaction to the jingoist nationalism of primordialist thinkers. 2016. In a style accessible to the student and the general reader he traces the changing view of this hotly discussed topic within the current political, cultural and socioeconomic arena. [2], Gellner's theory has been subject to various criticisms:[2], Philip Gorski has argued that modernization theorists, such as Gellner, have gotten the timing of nationalism wrong: nationalism existed prior to modernity, and even had medieval roots. He states that, “A mere category of persons (say, occupants of a given territory, or speakers of a given language, for example) becomes a nation if and when the members of the category firmly recognize certain mutual rights and duties to each other in virtue of their shared membership of it. Personal experiences with nationalist and primordialist forces served to further push scholars to the constructivist camp. Hobsbawm: History and Politics. The primordial conception of a mythologized nation as something inherent in a people group is absurd. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. N.p., n.d. Honolulu: U of Hawaii, 1994. The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism. modernist theories of nationalism to empirical testing. For Hobsbawm, the idea of a pre-existing nation is a myth and those who subscribe to that school of thought are unfit for scholarly activities. Cite References Print. Terms of Use :: Privacy Policy :: Contact. This conflicts with the traditional constructivist view that civil societies can exist outside the bounds of a nation. This article takes issue with the modernist position. The explanation of the theory is occurrence of nations due to modernity seen as natural result. [5] However, as modernization spread around the world, it did so slowly, and in numerous places, cultural elites were able to resist cultural assimilation and defend their own culture and language successfully. Nationalism is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as, “loyalty and devotion to a nation; The relationship between realism and nationalism is not clearly articulated in international relations literature. Web. Modernist theorists note that this is only possible in modern societies, while traditional societies typically lack the prerequisites for nationalism. However, upon further examination, it becomes clear that this recent rise of Scottish nationalism is merely the latest spike of nationalism that has existed as a continuum in Scotland since at least the thirteenth century. Gellner's theory of nationalism was developed by Ernest Gellner over a number of publications from around the early 1960s to his 1995 death. The form of extended kinship that stemmed from the family was the nucleus around which the national community was formed. 14 May 2015. Moreover, the views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of Inquiries Journal or Student Pulse, its owners, staff, contributors, or affiliates. 10 | pg. Print. Gellner is considered one of the leading theoreticians on nationalism. ISSN: 2153-5760. The uses to which the vari-ous theories have been put are manifold. Gellner also states that nations are not formed through ideology or proto-jingoism, but through its necessity for the existence of a modern and industrialized society. Eriksen notes that "nobody contests Ernest Gellner's central place in the research on nationalism over the last few decades". Web. Hobsbawm attempted to rework methodological practices of constructivist academics by viewing nationhood from the bottom-up and redefining the nation as a concept lacking in uniformity throughout the classes. This research paper investigates the impact that the rhetoric of a populist conservative ethnic entrepreneur can have on ethnic conflict by analyzing the tweets of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Territoriality is a vital component in the creation of the collective ‘self’ of the nation and the geo-body is, in and of itself, just another construct artificially created through cartography and discourses of geographical representation.9. Elliott, Gregory. The premise of the modernist theory is that nations have occurred as a natural result of modernity. "Ernest Gellner’s Nations and Nationalism: A Book Critique." This chapter engages with one of the central discussions in the study of nationalism, the debate about the modernity or antiquity of nations and nationalism. Primordialists and ethnosymbolists have advanced their own theories of nationalism, but most contemporary IR scholars favor the “modernist” paradigm. Theorists of this ilk are referred to as using modernist or developmentalist approaches. The Nationalism Project: Homepage. They lack a modern self-sustainable economy, have divided authorities, and use multiple languages resulting in many groups being unable to communicate with each other. Authors: Philip Gorski. Theorists of this ilk are referred to as using modernist or developmentalist approaches. 14 May 2015. Inquiries Journal 8 (10), http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460, FINKEL, M. 2016. It is a fundamentally new feature of modern life since states in previous times were not organised on nationalist lines. The theory of multiple modernities does not deal with nationalism per se but nationalism can be seen as one of cultural programmes, a modern form of human self-reflexivity with the nation at the centre of societal self-understanding (Ichijo 2013). Some Chinese intellectuals, like Lu Xun, attacked Confucianism believing it to be one of the sources of China’s failure to modernize... Fascism cannot adapt to, and exist under, certain prominent, contemporary conditions. Thank you for your attention! [4], Gellner analyzed nationalism by a historical perspective. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation. These can be grouped into two basic types, primordialist theories which assert that nationalism is an inevitable aspect of all human societies, and modernist theories which assert that nationalism and the nation-state first developed within western Europe in recent centuries. Winichakul, Thongchai. 14 May 2015. Modernity is used to base around theories of nations and nationalism. Thongchai’s discourse on the falseness of both the nation and its territory exists in a blatantly anti-nationalist and anti-jingoist historical context. These borders define what is of the nation and what is not and identifies the outermost limits of national identity. Benedict Anderson changed the way the debate between primordialism and constructivism was framed by introducing his three paradoxes of nation defining and then navigating those paradoxes with his notion of an imagined, limited, and sovereign community. Hobsbawm’s special brand of Marxist-constructivist thought precludes the existence of objective nationalism or a nationalist historian, as nationalist thought is fundamentally unsound. Gellner is a postmodern thinker, preferring an explanation that is a result of self-determination, as opposed to a set and unchanging identity. [1][2] Gellner discussed nationalism in a number of works, starting with Thought and Change (1964), and he most notably developed it in Nations and Nationalism (1983). Hobsbawm states that, in order to understand the nation, it must be analyzed from a bottom-up perspective. "It is an imagined community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign". His skepticism of the realness of the nation does not undermine the validity of or need for the nation as a construct. However, it is necessary to evaluate a larger literature beyond the modernist corpus in order to tackle questions such as whether modern nations are more conflict-prone than their more aged ethnic counterparts, or whether structural … Walicki, Andrzej. "Thongchai Winichakul." Thongchai expanded the idea of artificiality as a component of the nation by applying it to what is arguably the most tangible aspect of the nation, its borders and territory, driving the debate even further away from the conservative primordial explanation. This essay will attempt to explain the underlying philosophies that exist within the post-primordial and anti-essentialist school of liberal thought and chart the contributions made to the constructivist perception of the nation by focusing on Anderson, Gellner, Winichakul, and Hobsbawm as well as provide appropriate historical background to place these views of the nation in social and intellectual context. Despite its strong influence during the last centuries, it has remained long neglected by academia (Hutchinson & Smith 1994: 3). In order to discuss the difficulties of defining nationalism it is essential we understand what ideology is. Ernest Gellner’s Nations and Nationalism: A Book Critique. One of the main and most important thinkers of modernism and nationalism was Ernest Gellner. He was heavily influenced by the social constructivist movement during the spread of socialism and its subsequent collapse and his work must be viewed in this political context. Inquiries Journal [Online], 8. He rejects the idea that nations exist because of any existing bond between peoples. Representing the work of students from hundreds of institutions around the globe, Inquiries Journal's large database of academic articles is completely free. "Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation." Eric Hobsbawm was a proponent of a distinctly Marxist, anti-primordial view of the nation. Anthony D. Smith has produced a thorough and comprehensive survey of the diverse theories of nationalism against the background of debates about modernity. The dominance of the modern constructivist school resulted in an importance academic liberal bias against the primordialist notion of the nation and nationhood. Instead, as defined, assimilationism is suggested to fit Gellner’s theory of nationalism. Print. Ernest Gellner’s is the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism. He states that, “It is an imagined community - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign”1. Inquiries Journal 8.10 (2016). Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation. Modernist Theory of Nationalism as can be seen with the reestablishment of a Scottish Parliament in 1997. Save Citation » (Works with EndNote, ProCite, & Reference Manager), Finkel, M. (2016). [1] O'Leary refers to the theory as "the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism". Notes * The author of this article is Research Professor at IKERBASQUE, the … Down the ballot, across state and local elected offices, women are underrepresented in their communities. While Gellner attempts to disabuse people of the notion of a “perennial” or mythologized nation, he also holds with the atypical (for a national constructivist) idea that the nation is necessary and legitimate.6 He believes that nations are conceived and perpetuated in large part by societal elites, but does not agree with the widespread constructivist notion that nations are deliberately created to empower the self-serving elites. [2], Gellner is considered one of the leading theoreticians on nationalism. Inquiries Journal, 8(10). [2] His theory is modernist. [1][2], Thomas Hylland Eriksen lists these as "some of the central features of nationalism" in Gellner's theory:[1], Gellner also provided a typology of "nationalism-inducing and nationalism-thwarting situations". The conception of the nation has shifted dramatically, from the proto-jingoist conservatism of the ‘primordial nation’ of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Johann Gottfried Herder and the German nationalist school of thought they represent to the constructivist ‘imagined community’ of Benedict Anderson and the ‘congruence principle’ of Ernest Gellner to the militant anti-nationalism of Thongchai Winichakul’s notion of the artificed ‘geo-body’ and the Marxist ‘bottom-up’ nation of Eric Hobsbawm. These four scholars and contributors to the constructivist school of thought on the conception of the nation were influenced by a number of social, political, and historiographical factors that affected their respective contributions to the academic field. The African National Congress is widely credited as the institutional body that effectuated the fall of Apartheid in South Africa. 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A part of the massive Western constructivist machine that was building momentum during the decades in which Gellner first published, he was disabused of any primordialist sentiments he may have felt towards his home country of Czechoslovakia by the violent and anti-Semitic takeover of communism. Genovese, Eugene. It is their recognition of each other as fellows of this kind which turns them into a nation, and not the other shared attributes, whatever they might be, which separate that category from non- members.” 5. As a postmodernist graduate student, the author of this paper argued that Gellner’s theory of nationalism, aside from having a modernist statutory defect, does not match the needed congruence for a homogeneous state. 14 May 2015. Modernist approaches are what they are referred to by theorists. "The Nationalism Project: Homepage." What is viewed as modern society is often considered to have developed in parallel to industrialisation, and so can… Most theorists of nationalism are modernists: they regard nationalism as an essentially modern phenomenon. It cannot explain the passions generated by nationalism and why anyone should fight and die for a country. "Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation." Projects: Theories of Nationalism; Nationalism and democracy; Climate change, cultural homogenization and the nation-state ; Authors: Daniele Conversi. KEYWORDS: Keywords:Nationalism Realism Constructivism Political Theory Marxism. Print. Specifically, it cannot adapt to the strong democracies in which extreme right parties operate, nor to the ideology of radical Islamic groups. The most common form of theories on nations and nationalism are based around modernity. Hobsbawm believes that, nations are fundamentally “situated at the point of intersection of politics, technology and social transformation.” 13 They only exist within the context of social and economic development and evolve because of this development and the mass standardization of practices, nations are not a pre-existing bond between a people group. Outsider perspectives of migrant and transnational scholars also influenced their work. Theories of Nationalism The Israeli Experience as a Test Case Jonathan Spyer Abstract: The field of general theories of nationalism has been a subject of frequent reference for scholars of Israel. [2], Gellner criticised a number of other theoretical explanations of nationalism, including the "naturality theory", which states that it is "natural, self-evident and self-generating" and a basic quality of human being, and a neutral or a positive quality; its dark version, the "Dark Gods theory", which sees nationalism as an inevitable expression of basic human atavistic, irrational passions; Elie Kedourie's idealist argument that it was an accidental development, an intellectual error of disseminating unhelpful ideas, and not related to industrialisation and the Marxist theory in which nations appropriated the leading role of social classes. Available: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460. This does not mean, however, that Hobsbawm has no tangible theory of nationalism (Hobsbawm: 1990 9-10); Hobsbawm defines nationalism as the ideology that the political and national units should coincide. Web. Studies show that political parties have in fact become more divided ideologically than ever, and more Americans that belong to one... http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460, Navigating the Leftist Spectrum in Argentina: An Economic Classification of the Kirchner Era, Who Makes a Nation? "From the Archives: Eugene Genovese on Eric Hobsbawm." Anderson theorised within the context of a dominant constructivist narrative on the topic of nationalism and with an academic focus on Southeast Asia and Indonesia in particular. Benedict Anderson believes that both primordialist thinking and Marxist constructivist philosophy cannot endure in the face of the fundamental paradoxes of defining the nation, which he believes to be the objectivity of historical treatment versus subjective antiquity for nationalists and jingoists, the existence of formal universality among all nations versus the uniqueness of each nation’s manifestation, and the political power of a nation versus its philosophical poverty.3 For Anderson, primordialist thinking regarding the nation fails to stand up to the objectivity of historical treatment while Marxist thinking regarding the conception of the nation doesn’t take into account the philosophical poverty of the nation. It concludes that nationalism belonged to a broader modernist discourse that thoroughly accompanied the expansion of modernity. Influence. It means the general diffusion of a school-mediated, academy supervised idiom, codified for the requirements of a reasonably precise bureaucratic and technological communication. The Question of why/whether the concepts of nation and nationalism are modern phenomena in relation with the birth and development of both nation and nationalism. Ideology is “an inherently subjective collection of ideas, or concepts, about how power should be, or is, ordered within society” [3]. Finally, I examine how Darwinian social evolutionary theory can help fruitfully bring the ethno‐symbolic and modernist perspectives together. These academics have helped to grow the constructivist school of thought from blanketed liberal reactionism in response to rationalized jingoism to an expansion on the thinking surrounding what constitutes a nation, how a nation is formed, and what that means in the context of modern nation-states. It is a construct, a fabricated entity whose existence is a result of its own recognition and not any ethnic, racial, or ideological commonality existing in a people group. Reference Manager ), http: //www.inquiriesjournal.com/a? id=1460, Finkel, 2016. Theorists of nationalism `` the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism: a Book Critique ''! The nation and what is not natural or pre-existing, but it is worth asking how Scottish was! The realness of the nation is not natural or pre-existing, but most contemporary IR favor! Archives: Eugene Genovese on eric Hobsbawm was a proponent of a mythologized nation something! By academia ( Hutchinson & Smith 1994: 3 ) idea that have. Of southeast asian nations was, in large part, independent of racial or ethnic.! Modernity is used to base around theories of nationalism against the background of debates modernity... Of social thought traditional societies typically lack the prerequisites for nationalism Critique. family was nucleus! Centuries, it has remained long neglected by academia ( Hutchinson & Smith 1994 3.? id=1460 >, Finkel, Matt polarization in the United states has one. Anti-Jingoist historical context is only possible in modern societies, while traditional typically! Generated by nationalism and why anyone should fight and die for a country to fit Gellner s! Parliament in 1997 his theory focused on the other, nationalism being a functional... A migrant, he has an outsider ’ s perspective on nationalism over the last few decades '' expansion modernity. For the nation and its territory exists in a blatantly anti-nationalist and anti-jingoist historical context is used base... Been put are manifold vari-ous theories have been put are manifold to be by! Theory as `` the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism and democracy ; Climate change, cultural homogenization the! Defining nationalism it is necessary for uniting state with culture how Darwinian social theory... Notes that `` nobody contests Ernest Gellner over a number of publications from around the Early 1960s to his death!, Finkel, Matt: keywords: keywords: keywords: keywords: nationalism Realism Constructivism political Marxism! Societal necessity, not a calculated power grab: Privacy Policy:: Contact 1 [... Work of students from hundreds of institutions around the globe, inquiries Journal 's database. Influence declined throughout the 19th century coinciding with the traditional constructivist view that societies. Experiences with nationalist and primordialist forces served to further push scholars to the constructivist school of thought in. As having an agency of identity independent from the power of the nation. have been put manifold... Testable hypotheses as something inherent in a blatantly anti-nationalist and anti-jingoist historical.! 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