Then in 1813, the Spanish attempted to reconquer Chile, and Carrera as Commander in Chief gave his future rival his own command. He also made respected and valued treaties with rebellious Indian tribes to the south. Furthermore, during an endeavour to regenerate the city of Osorno, Ambrosio O’Higgins also sent for various Irish tradesman and artisans. Frank Galvin later married Ana Clara Pinochet Vargas and moved to Cauquenes. Ana Clara was a descendant of Guillaume Pinochet, a French merchant who arrived in Chile around 1700, who was also the ancestor of President Augusto Pinochet, making Ana a distant relative. However, the independence movement was deeply divided along political and family lines. He was a grandson of Patrick Lynch, an emigrant from Galway to Buenos Aires in the 1740s (another of Patrick Lynch’s illustrious descendants was his great-great-great-great grandson, Ernesto “Che” Guevara Lynch, the famous Argentine revolutionary). O’Higgins initially not a main player While serving in Spain’s never-ending war against the Mapuche in southern Chile, 54-year-old Ambrose Higgins (he added the ‘O’ at the end of his life) met the beautiful teenage daughter of a small-town mayor. (National Portrait Gallery), In June 1823, six months after being ousted from government, Bernardo O’Higgins seriously thought about going into exile in Ireland. Mackenna, who had been a close friend to his father, was now a confidant of Bernardo O’Higgins, and is accepted to have been the real military genius behind Bernardo O’Higgins campaign successes during the War of Independence. He married locally and had a daughter named Josefa O’Fallon who in turn married an Irish-Chilean named Tomás Valentín O'Shee y Ramery. They were a thorn in the side of the Lautaro Lodge for their purely Chilean goals of liberation as opposed to the Lodge’s more Pan-American focus, and allegedly, San Martin saw José Miguel was a potential rival. Although he had had correspondence with the Irish side of his family, the. He was a leader in the Chilean war of independence and is considered the “Founding Father of Chile”. +353-1-293 3568, That field of glory. In addition to the above, there were also Irishmen originally based in Argentina who joined the Liberation “Army of the Andes” and fought the Royalists under San Martín at the battle of Maipú. He was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. The Irish and the Chilean War of Independence. Historically, the Irish in Chile have played a highly influential role in the country’s development and came second only to the Basques in the military effort during the war of independence. Patricio Lynch, distinguished Admiral of the Chilean Navy during the Pacific War and relative of the famous Argentine revolutionary Ernesto “Che” Defeated by the Spanish at Rancagua, 40 miles south of Santiago, O’Higgins and Carrera blamed each other for the setback. When the colonial authorities accepted his proposal, he was commissioned to supervise the works. René O'Ryan, ex-marine from Punta Arenas, Magallanes Region, better known for his participation as an instructor on “Pelotón”, a reality TV show. Carlos Ibáñez, twice president of Chile 1927-1931 and 1952-1958. He also (unsuccessfully) solicited Bolívar’s assistance for a return to Chile. He was engaged to be married to a woman in Santiago at the time. O’Higgins then appointed Mackenna as Commander General. There is also a monument to him in Dublin, Ireland. Sadly, Frank died of tuberculosis in Peru, where had gone in search of a cure, less than a year after Anita’s birth. Patricio Aylwin, the first post-dictatorship President of Chile. He was killed in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1814 by Luis Carrera himself in a shotgun duel (for which the Lautaro Lodge later exacted revenge by having all three of the Carrera brothers executed). (Nick Maxwell), In the end O’Higgins didn’t leave for Ireland but for Lima, a city he had lived in during his early years. This put him at odds with the Carrera brothers, who were bitter political rivals of O’Higgins and had already crossed swords with the Lodge. In 1796, he was appointed Viceroy of Peru, the most prestigious position to which anyone could aspire in Spanish South America. Merrion Square has a wealth of statues and sculptures and one of those is a sculpture dedicated to Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme who was a landowner of Spanish and Irish ancestry. Once O’Higgins put an end to José Miguel Carrera’s brief dictatorship and re-established his power base, he appointed Mackenna as Major-Chief-of-State and sent him south to fight the General Antonio Pareja and his pro-Spanish Royalist army. He personally sent for the following: John McKenna (known locally as “Juan Mackenna”)arrived in Chile in 1796 after being referred to Ambrose O’Higgins with letters of recommendation following training and serving with the Irish Brigade in Spain. He who is brave, follow me!”. and a national hero of Argentina, although the circumstances of his involvement remain unclear. In 1809, Avilés, now himself viceroy of Peru following the death of O’Higgins, relieved him of his duties as governor. Valparaíso. He quickly rose to Colonel, then Brigadier and provincial governor of Concepcion in 1786. appointment and sent Mackenna into exile. He was later elected to the local council. He had never received formal military training, but he had a fierce disposition in battle. Another Irish arrival was William Knaresbrough, who became a Second Lieutenant in the navy. A large proportion of Irish Chileans are sheep farmers in the Magallanes region of the far south of the country, and the city of Punta Arenas has a large Irish foundation dating back to the 18th century. Bernardo O'Higgins father Ambrose O’Higgins was born in Ballynary, County Sligo and worked as an engineer for the Spanish Crown in Chile when … In 1788, he reached major-general, then Captain General and later, Governor of Chile. In recognition of this historic feat, he was promoted to Brigadier General and Commander-General of the Forces of Santiago by Bernardo O'Higgins. Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, writer/historian, politician. From this moment on, Carrera and O’Higgins became enemies—they even fought each other at Tres Acequias, near Santiago, but had to shelve their differences and face a new Spanish army that had just arrived. In the end he became as Peruvian as he had been Chilean. He arrived in the Chillán area in 1737 and married into a local elite criollo (Spanish colonial ancestry) family. On hearing his foreign accent and for his cheek, Picó ordered O' Carrol's immediate execution by firing squad. Bernardo O’Higgins was the locally-born illegitimate son of Ambrosio O’Higgins and Isabel Riquelme, a criolla from a prominent family of Basque origin in Chillán. He was then recalled to Spain but later returned to Chile in 1764 and was designated military governor of Valdivia and later Director of Fortifications. This had been arranged by the high-ranking Irish military officer Count Alexander “Alejandro” O’Reilly, an uncle of his who served in the Spanish Army and himself went on to become the "father of the Puerto Rican militia" and Governor of the then Spanish Louisiana. Pedro Dartnell, Chilean Army Inspector General. He later had an Oberon class submarine in the Chilean naval fleet called after him. O’Higgins spent the remaining twenty years of his life in Peru. He was 45, temporarily blind, financially broken and romantically hurt. L. Valencia Avaria, O’Higgins, el buen genio de América (Santiago de Chile, 1980). Ambrose O’Higgins first arrived in South America via Spain in 1756. He moved to Chile with John Garland in 1764. He grew up in southern Chile, but was later sent to Lima and then London to study. The boy lived in Chile, Lima (Peru), Cádiz (Spain) and London. His personal assistant was Ambrose O’Higgins, then a young engineer-draftsman, later governor of Chile, viceroy of Peru, and father of Bernardo O’Higgins. They finally decided to go along with their neighbours and formed their own autonomous government. He later went into exile to Peru where he remained for the rest of his life. He was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. Copyright © 2020 History Publications Ltd, Unit 9, 78 Furze Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland | Tel. Following Chile’s 1810 declaration of Independence, he joined the Patriot Army and was tasked by the first Chilean government with preparing the country’s defences and the Chilean army’s equipment. He was a major figure in the Chilean War of Independence, in which the country broke free from Spanish rule. O’Brien was from Baltinglass, County Wicklow but he left for Argentina in 1812. Chile also received its share of Irish Engineers. At the battle of El Roble in 1814, Bernardo managed to fight back and win even though Carrera fled the field. John became an established doctor in Valparaiso and Andrew founded the first brewery there. As noted in his Certificate of Baptism, he was the illegitimate son of Ambrosio O’Higgins, a Spanish officer of Irish origin who became governor of Chile and later viceroy of Peru; his mother was Isabel Riquelme, a prominent lady of Chillán. Following his capture, he insulted the Spaniard by calling him "an impoverished peasant". Bernardo’s mother was the daughter of a prominent local, and it was with her family that he was raised. There is a statue of him today in the central plaza of Rancagua, commemorating his heroic charge through a Spanish blockade during the Battle there. He had also offended the Catholic Church and these actions lost him the support of Chile’s businessmen. His rivals, the Carrera brothers seized power on various occasions in different coups, and rivalry between the two factions grew and O’Higgins was initially only appointed to a minor military position (although he had received relatively little formal training, he had been instructed militarily by Juan Mackenna, mainly on cavalry use). His emphasis on medical studies brought him to the forefront of the profession and he later published another article outlining the principle causes of disease in Chile. Little is known about them other than that that they hailed from Galway in the west of Ireland (which at the time was a key trading port and frequent stopping point for Spanish ships passing by) and that they were known as “Guillermo” (William) and “Juan” (John). When Bernardo was born in 1778, Ambrose was the Spanish governor of Chile. All of these men had arrived in Chile on Spanish or English frigates. A year earlier, O’Connor had been the best man at O’Higgins’ wedding. As governor, he focused on development of Chile’s infrastructure, building roads, cities and dikes to prevent flooding. Bernardo was, as they say, a child of love, the illegitimate son of 56-year-old Colonel Ambrosio O’Higgins and 16-year-old María Isabel Riquelme de la Barrera y Meza of Chillan. We shall read about McKenna's vital role in the war of independence below. In 1817, O’Higgins and San Martín returned to Chile in a renewed effort to drive the Spanish out. giving them a chance to be heard, remembered and to He ruled for six years, during which he founded the military academy and navy. He was then given leave to visit Ireland, but died in Lisbon whilst on his way back to Chile. The Carreras were not so welcome. Following the campaign he settled permanently in Chile. which aims to capture the individual histories of Irish Miranda won the lost and lonely young man’s heart, and recruited him into the secret lodge he had organised. Germán Riesco, a lawyer from Rancagua who served as President from 1901-1906. Likewise, Tomás’ father Edmundo O’Shee (Edmund O’Shea in Ireland) was a Dublin-born refugee from an Irish nobility family all but wiped out by war and the penal laws. S. Clissold, Bernardo O’Higgins and the independence of Chile (London, 1968). Bernardo O'Higgins: The Rebel Son of a Viceroy By Alfredo Sepúlveda Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842), by Narciso Desmadryl (Memoria Chilena) In the small hours of 9 July 1824, Bernardo O'Higgins, the man who had ruled newly-independent Chile with an iron fist, was recovering from malaria in Trujillo, Peru. He’s the half-Irish man mentioned earlier. S. Collier, Ideas and politics of Chilean independence, 1808–1833 (New York, 1967). For the deposed head of state, Ireland was far enough away to allow him to forget and heal. He was then called to Peru, but later returned to Chile to be nominated governor of the Juan Fernández Islands, and in 1811 of La Serena and Coquimbo. He was also preoccupied with transparency and order in the colonies financial affairs. Despite his achievements in Chile, his definitive contribution to Chilean history was actually in fathering a son out of wedlock who at the time he did not acknowledge, yet would later go on to become the hero of Chilean independence, “Supreme Director of Chile”, “Founding Father of the Nation” Breaking News at IrishTimes.com. Although he had no formal military training, O'Higgins took charge of the ragged rebel army and fought the Spanish from 1810 to 1818, when Chile achieved its independence. Bernardo O´Higgins and the Carrera brothers Bernardo O´Higgins. The first two Irishmen to reach Chile arrived with Magallanes in 1520 as part of the expedition that first set eyes on the strait that is called after him today. By 1810, with Spain’s King Fernando VII Napoleon’s prisoner, a wave of independence movements swept the Spanish colonies: Buenos Aires had its first autonomous junta. Like O’Higgins, Mackenna, Simón Bolívar and many other independence figures all over Latin America, San Martín was a fellow member of The Lautaro Lodge, and O’Higgins was welcomed. As the only legitimate and acknowledged heir to his uncle, he inherited large country estates in Cauquenes, Puchucay and on Quiriquina Island. August 20: TODAY in Irish History: 1778: Birth of Bernardo O’Higgins, Chilean independence leader and founding father of Chile in Chillán about 250 miles south of the country’s capital, Santiago. He was a protégé of Juan Martínez de Rozas, the political chief of Concepción, the capital of southern Chile, who fiercely opposed José Miguel Carrera, the ill-tempered leader of Santiago’s rich landowners. He was a Commanding Officer who had trained in England and distinguished himself on the battlefield in Spain and France during the Napoleonic wars, where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel by his mid-twenties and was decorated with the with the Flor de Lis and the Carlos III Cross. And who was he? to build an extensive database reflecting Irish lives, Jorge O’Ryan Schütz, Chilean international basketball player and President of the Universidad Católica Sports Club. Post-Independence immigration was more sporadic. Tomás Valentín O'Shee, Chilean Army Colonel, Governor of Coquimbo & La Serena. The following year he was called to the defence committee of the new Republic of Chile, and in But Martínez was an old man, and when the Spanish viceroy in Lima invaded Chile, Bernardo began to achieve fame. Unfortunately, another Carrera smash-and-grab for power in the form of a coup d’état (this time instigated by Luis Carrera) led to his being banished to exile in Argentina in the same year. That same year an Italian had brought the first daguerrotype to Lima, but Bernardo was too ill to get up and have his picture taken. There the young man met Venezuelan Francisco Miranda, an early promoter of a free Hispanic America who was trying unsuccessfully to gain the support of the British government for his cause. He sided with Bolívar in his claim that Chiloe Island, in southern Chile, was part of Peru; and later, in the 1830s, he opposed Chile’s war against the Peru–Bolivia confederacy. A. Sepulveda, Bernardo, una biografía de Bernardo O’Higgins (Santiago de Chile, 2007). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. O’Higgins rode south to reinforce Luis and Juan José Carrera to try to repel the invasion near Rancagua, while Jose Miguel Carrera stayed put in Santiago. He was a leader in the Chilean war of independence and is considered the “Founding Father of Chile”. O’Higgins didn’t accept it and was furious. 1811 was appointed governor of Ambrose O’Higgins (known locally as “Ambrosio”). Around this time, an Irish physician named Dominic Nevin settled in Chile and became a professor at the Royal University of San Felipe in Santiago. The Irish community in Chile consists of Irish-born immigrants in Chile and their descendants. But Ambrose forced the boy back to Spain, where he briefly lived in absolute poverty. Delphin had fled to Spain and joined the army before arriving in Chile. In his time, he fostered the establishment of hospitals, cemeteries, orphanages and other institutions for the poor. O’Higgins was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield and during the Battle of El Roble, he took command after Jose Miguel Carrera retreated, and despite being injured, endeavoured to pursue the fleeing royalists, giving one of his most famed battle cries: “Lads! He had a small family—his mother Isabel, his half-sister Rosa and a few servants, one of them possibly the mother of one of O’Higgins’s children. Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. Carrera claimed that an attack would have been easily driven off, as Luís Carrera’s men had been mostly unskilled and poorly armed militia. He was known locally as “Canisbro”, as are his descendants today. The Wild Geese is a term used broadly in Irish history to refer to Irishmen from the Gaelic Catholic nobility who left Ireland in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries to serve in foreign Catholic armies in the wake of the sectarian “penal laws” and general oppression, persecution and discrimination they faced in their homeland on the part of the then Protestant-dominated British government occupying Ireland at the time. (known locally as “Juan Mackenna”)arrived in Chile in 1796 after being referred to Ambrose O’Higgins with letters of recommendation following training and serving with the Irish Brigade in Spain. He was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. For his courage, the junta in Santiago passed the military command to O’Higgins from Carrera, who had fled the battlefield and was subsequently captured by Spanish forces. 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