All that matters is that we accept this world as it is and change our own perception to find peace. Thank you! (2011, February 15). Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. "The Syllogisms of Zeno of Citium." If one is self-aware, one is also aware of others and, further, recognizes that it is in simplicity that true contentment may be found. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Zeno was an old man when he is said to have broken his toe and, realizing that he had lived a good and meaningful life in Athens, he may have simply concluded that it was time for him to move on to something, and somewhere, else. â Zeno of Citium. Zeno of Citium (c. 334 - 262 B.C.) The Greek philosopher Zeno of Citium (335-263 B.C.) From each of these men he learned some different aspect and nuance of the life of a philosopher. Men and women were completely equal in society's eyes and there was no injustice because all actions proceeded from reason. Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. Of Zeno’s work, Plutarch later wrote: It is true indeed that the so much admired Republic of Zeno, first author of the Stoic sect, aims singly at this, that neither in cities nor in towns we should live under laws distinct one from another, but that we should look upon all people in general to be our fellow-countryfolk and citizens, observing one manner of living and one kind of order, like a flock feeding together with equal right in one common pasture. Zeno never seems to have been one to hold his tongue when he saw what he perceived as foolishness in the youths around him and many of his remarks sound similar in tone to statements Diogenes of Sinope (l.c.404-323 BCE) would have made. Zeno studied under Crates of Thebes (l.c.360-280 BCE) and then under Stilpo the Megarian and then became the pupil of Polemo. Given that Socrates was a little past seventy when executed by the Athenians in 399 B.C.E., this description suggests that Zeno w⦠â Zeno of Citium. It proved very popular, and flourished as one of the major schools of philosophy from the Hellenistic period through to the Roman era, and enjoyed revivals in the R⦠We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. He taught that happiness lay in conforming the will to the divine reason, which governs the universe. A Summary of Stoic Philosophy: Zeno of Citium in Diogenes Laertius Book Seven Keith Seddon. Written by Joshua J. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. https://www.ancient.eu/Zeno_of_Citium/. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 15 Feb 2011. From Stilpo, for example, it is said he learned that the greatest fault in life lay in saying `yes’ too quickly to any request and one should avoid doing so in order to live a tranquil life. Zeno of Citium Bustby Wikipedia User: Rama (CC BY-SA). 1 Socrate 2 Platon 3 Pythagore 4 Aristote 5 Zenon - Pouqueville François Charles Hugues Laurent - ⦠member of the Eleatic school founded by Parmenides, whom Aristotle declared inventor of the dialectic tradition, and famous for his paradoxes. Zenoâs philosophical system included logic and theory of knowledge, physics, and ethicsâthe latter being central. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zeno-of-Citium. He started the Stoic school of philosophy. Zeno of Citium and His Legacy. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Zeno held forth in the heart of the city, in the Stoa Poikile, in the Agora, and his followers were therefore known as Stoics. This book contained conversations with Socrates, his philosophy, and Xenophon's memories of the time spent as his student. Zeno of Citium, the founding philosopher of Ancient Greek Stoicism, has lost most of his story to time, leaving his teachings to live on in only a few fragments of what was rumored to be "The goal of life is living in agreement with all nature." Zeno the son of Mnaseas, was born in the Cypriot town of ⦠Zeno of Citium is the father of Stoicism, although some of his successors, such as Seneca or Marcus Aurelius, are better known. These teachings, of course, are more well known today as the basic tenets of Buddhism but were also advocated by a number of the Pre-Socratic philosophers of Greece. Details about his life are mired in obscurity. He was a merchant until he was exposed to the teachings of Socrates (l.c. Founded by Zeno of Citium (left) around 300 BC in Athens, who lectured at the Painted Stoa in Athens (above), Stoicism developed into the most successful and widespread philosophy of Hellenistic times.. Meditations (Dover Thrift Editions) Marcus Aurelius. For pleasure, if it is really felt, they declare to be a by-product, which never comes until nature by itself has sought and found the means suitable to the animal's existence or constitution; it is an aftermath comparable to the condition of animals thriving and plants in full bloom. Mark, Joshua J. All things are parts of one single system, which is called Nature; the individual life is good when it is in harmony with Nature. The discipline of philosophy gave Zeno a focus he seems to have lacked as a merchant and he devoted himself to study and, more importantly, to living the values he absorbed from his teachers and the books he read. Introduction. Read reviews from worldâs largest community for readers. Schofield, Malcolm. Essential Stoic Philosophy: All In One Stoicism, The Cynic Philosophers: From Diogenes to Julian, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. License. 4.6 out of 5 stars 3. Zeno is especially known for his paradoxes that contributed to the development of logical and mathematical rigour and that were insoluble until the development of precise concepts of continuity and infinity. In this, he pre-dates Sartre's assertion that saying `no' is an assertion of one's personal identity while agreeing to another's request diminishes the individual personality. Love governed all things and everyone living in this cosmopolis understood they had what they needed and wanted for nothing more. Zeno of Citium (c. 336 â 265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic School of philosophy in Athens, which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living in accordance with reason was the meaning of life.He was born in the Phonecian-Greek city of Citium on Cyprus in the same year that Alexander the Great ascended to the throne of Macedonia. Using the governments of Athens and Sparta as your evidence, discuss both democracy and oligarchy in ancient Greece. Zeno of Citium was the founder of the Stoic School of philosophy. Mark, Joshua J. Essential Stoic Philosophy: All In One Stoicism Marcus Aurelius. If one lived according to the instinct of impulse and passion, one was no more than an animal; if one lived in accordance with universal reason, one ⦠He is considered the founder of the Stoicism school of philosophy (which became the dominant philosophy of the Hellenistic and ⦠His theory of the Universal Reason was that performing the greatest good was our purpose in life. His teachings have been influential enough for astronomers to name a crater on the moon after him and whatâs more, he was, in fact, the founder of Stoicism. Zeno of Citium was known as a quiet man who preferred living modestly. The voice is the flower of beauty. 430 BC?) Zeno may refer to: Zeno of Citium (334 BC â 262 BC) the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy. Crates and Hipparchia lived their lives in accordance with the simplicity of reason and Zeno's vision in his Republic reflects that view. Zeno was born in Elea, now in Italy, in 490BC. 336 â 265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic School of philosophy in Athens which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living in accordance with reason was the purpose of human life. Corrections? Share with your friends. When he studied under Crates of Thebes, Zeno wrote his Republic which is quite a different vision of the perfect soceity than the ideal city state as imagined by Plato in his work of the same name. Zeno was born c. 334 BC, in Citium in Cyprus. Instead of pleasure, one should court reason and recognize that all things are impermanent and without lasting value. Updates? Zeno of Citium was a Hellenistic philosopher of Phoenician origin from Citium (ÎίÏιον, Kition), Cyprus. Athenaeus XIII 561C. 180-240 CE) preserved some of Zeno's teachings in his work Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. Stoic comes from the Greek stÅïkos, meaning âof the stoa [portico, or porch].â Lyc. was the founder of Stoicism. Zeno was the son of a Phoenician merchant and was a merchant himself, when he came to Athens to learn philosophy, at the age of 22. Larnaca: The Municipality of Larnaca. To Zeno, life was not about seizing the most riches and dying in a tomb made of gold. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. In his considerable lifespan of around 72 years, from 334 to 262 BC, Zeno of Citium found the time to make quite a few waves. Mark, J. J. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Zeno was so completely captivated by the work that he left his former profession and dedicated himself to the study of philosophy, eventually becoming a teacher himself. Zeno of Citium, (born c. 335 bce, Citium, Cyprusâdied c. 263, Athens), Hellenistic thinker who founded the Stoic school of philosophy, which influenced the development of philosophical and ethical thought in Hellenistic and Roman times. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The ancient writer Diogenes Laertius (l.c. Study philosophy by following his journey through Greece beginning in Larnaca, sailing the Greek Islands, and culminating in a ⦠The dramatic occasion of Platos dialogue, Parmenides, is a visit to Athens by the eminent philosopher Parmenides and Zeno, his younger associate, to attend the festival of the Great Panathenaea. To be a true human being, one needed to behave like a true human being: rationally. $12.48. 3 offers from $29.90. Zeno of Elea (ca. But when in the case of animals impulse has been superadded, whereby they are enabled to go in quest of their proper aliment, for them, say the stoics, Nature's rule is to follow the direction of impulse. 3. And nature, they say, made no difference originally between plants and animals, for she regulates the life of plants too, in their case without impulse and sensation, just as also certain processes go on of a vegetative kind in us. Zeno of Citium. While this may seem a strange end to the life of a man who preached the primacy of reason, it would not have seemed so to him. Greek For a chronological analysis of this list of major philosophers, see the section By Historical Period . Zeno of Citium (l.c. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Zeno’s Republic is a utopia whose citizens claim the universe as their home and where everyone lives in accordance with natural laws and rational understanding. Zeno was born in the Phonecian-Greek city of Citium on Cyprus in the same year that Alexander the Great ascended to the throne of Macedonia. Last modified February 15, 2011. There were no laws necessary because there was no crime and, because everyone’s needs were taken care of in the same way that animals are in nature, there was no greed, nor covetousness nor hatred of any kind. Zeno of Citium (334 - 262 B.C.) Zeno of Citium, the first Stoic, may not have left behind a perfectly clear system for us to study, but there is enough there to guide us toward our own variations of the framework. Epicurus and his followers had a house and garden in town.â¦. Zenoâs philosophy was more of a middle way between the Cynicsâ rejection of society and the Stoicsâ obsession with duty. He taught under a famous portico decorated with beautiful paintings. Quotations from Zeno of Citium: sources - Web Search, WikiQuotes, Nearly all of Zeno of Citium's first hand writings are apparently lost, and all the ones below are secondary or tertiary⦠was a Greek philosopher of the Hellenistic period, active in Athens from about 300 B.C. Steel your sensibilities, so that life shall hurt you as little as possible. The Philosophy of Zeno. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Zeno_of_Citium/. Zeno the son of Mnaseas, was born in the Cypriot town of Citium and may have been part Semitic. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. It is unclear whether Zeno studied philosophy in his youth but, around the age of 22, while stranded in Athens after a shipwreck, he picked up a copy of Xenophon’s Memorabilia and was so impressed by the figure of Socrates that he abandoned his former life and made the study of philosophy his only interest. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. His teachings had a profound influence throughout the ancient world and in important respects helped pave the way for Christianity. 4.4 out of 5 stars 9. 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